Three Levels of Consciousness free essay sample

Discuss this statement with reference to Freud’s ideas about the three levels of consciousness, the id, ego and superego, psychosexual stages of development and defence mechanisms. Sigmund Freud is a psychologist that he creates the first psychodynamic theory. This theory described how human’s personality was established and how they were operating, how the internal forces us to do or not do everything. Fred created the theory of the 3 levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms that described the idea and perspective about human personality. In this synopsis, discussion will be made about the impact of Freud’s theory, how they affect the development of psychology and the concepts of themselves and exploring the reason why the influence of Freud’s theory has declined. Firstly, the three levels of consciousness include id, ego and superego (Diane amp; Sally, 2009) . Fred’s view of how people‘s consciousness levels operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Levels of Consciousness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ego relates to the idea, thoughts or rational perceptions of human; Superego relates to conscience, morals of human that learn from the society or traditional culture; Id relates to selfish, childish though or immediate gratification of human (Robert, 2001). Those levels of consciousness mutually balance and control each other. There would be negative feeling happened if the id produce some desires, at the same time superego would produce repugnant feeling. People follow the thought of id (desire) and practice it, after that the result is guilty feelings. For example, if id‘s power lost control, people would like to do something wrong to himself or damage the society. But those levels of consciousness are hard to apply to the people. Especially the id (unconscious) level is hard to find out and prevent it to affect others and the society. Because the unconscious of human usually discover by a Clinical Psychologist, that they hypnotize the patient to get the result. A personality development also relate to parenting style, environment and social culture. In different parenting pattern, several types of personality could be train to the children. In different conditions people can grow their children to be what they want, they would use their own style. For example, a liberal family which allow their children to do whatever they want compare to a tradition family which are authority to control their children to do everything. The children in these two groups would be developed totally different. The levels of consciousness theory cannot fit in several conditions of different culture. It only generally describe a people’s consciousness may work like that. Freud discovered this theory by his work as he worked with the mental illness people. These patients were different that they were accepting to the treatment. Freud had not found any ‘normal’ person to text. This is difficult to imagine the terms in this theory. Secondly, defence mechanisms theory described about the protection of human being to avoid neglect feeling-anxiety (James, p504). It is a reaction pattern that coping with the problems. And there are lots coping forms of defence mechanism such as repression, rationalization, displacement, reaction formation, sublimation, projection and regression (James, 2010). When human beings face different problem and issues in daily life, they will use different method protect them to avoid anxiety. For example, when a student asks a professor to give him extension for doing assignment, the professor refuses. So the student kicks down the rubbish bin and speak some aggressive words. In this case, the student uses displacement to respond to his situation. He tries to put his anger from study to hit a rubbish bin. Defence mechanisms describe that displacement is diverting behaviour or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target. Freud created the defence mechanisms theory by his personal experience. When his daughter Anna was growing up, Freud discovered that Anna’s reaction to several difficulties in her daily life which had a fixed method. After his observation of Anna’s reaction he created the theory of defence mechanisms (James, 2010) . However every human being is individual and unique. There are lots of reasons to affect the children’s behaviour, like environment, parenting style, social culture. So defence mechanisms only briefly describe unique event may show that people’s mind but not the real meaning or their personality. Fred’s perspective of the reaction of people protect themselves is too negative that he thinks human being selfish. In other word Freud mentioned that the defence mechanisms theory help people to avoid the anxiety to protect them not to be emotional or depression. According to his theory, if one people face some trouble in their life, they will use different patterns avoid the damage. So the unhappiness or pressure of them would be transformed to others people or activities. For example, someone wanted to apply a job which is his favour. However he missed the deadline to apply that he forgot to check the due date of application. So he would give himself an excuse like he did not reality like this job. He used rationalization to prove his action was rational and justifiable. Then he would not get hurt of this event. If the defence mechanisms theory is right, this is hard to explain that people usually remember lots of unhappiness moment in the past. Suppose the defence mechanism was helping people to avoid the crises but this theory have not described when did it fail and why. Thirdly the idea of stage of psychosexual development describe about the personality is affected by the sexual needs of human as they are child. Stages of Psychosexual development describes that human’s personality is influence by the sexual pleasure in 5 stages. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stage. The stages of psychosexual development cover the age from birth to puberty onward. (Richard amp; Elizabeth, 1983) . The psychosexual energy would flow to other parts of the body when the child grows. So human have several needs in each stage need to focus and solve. If human can successfully complete the stages of psychosexual development, they would have a health personality. If not, the personality of people would have several issues until the sexual needs have been resolved. Freud believes that everyone have psychosexual pleasure that need to satisfy in each stages. Fred proposed that the behaviour of child reflect that they have the original pleasure need to express. The psychosexual pressure started from stimulation of the mouth to sensation of bowel movement, touching the genitals, supress the psychosexual interest and strong contact with others people. For example, in oral stage human’s sexual interest is focus on their month (the habitat of eating). If the parent did not provide enough stimulation of child’s month, the psychosexual energy would fixate at the oral stage. ‘Someone fixated at this stage continues to receive great pleasure from eating, drinking and smoking and may also have lasting concerns with dependence and independence’ (James, 2010). The Psychosexual development theory is a controversial concept that Fred assumes the sexual need of human being start at that young age. Although this is undeniable that the behaviour on different age of child development could be found, however this is hard to prove the child’s behaviour relate to sexual pleasure. Freud’s idea of fixation at various stages, central to much of his thinking is difficult to test (Grunbaum, 1986; Popper, 1986) . For example, the stages of psychosexual development talks about that when people’s characteristic of being orderliness or sloppiness, it relates to the anal stage and the child might affect by a strict or lenient toilet training. However this is no evidence connecting the people who is orderliness or sloppiness to a toilet training (Fisher amp; Greenberg, 1977) . In other words, the last two stage of psychosexual development is not completed in the theory. The latent period is evidently a product of European culture but it doesn’t appear in all societies. Also the latent and genital stage described a common behaviour like playing with peers of people’s same sex and opposite sex (James, p 503) . but this is no evidence to prove that it relates this is the psychosexual need of human. In phallic stage of early childhood Freud mention that boy would have a sexual attachment to their mother, girls to their fathers, these development call Oedipus and Electra complexes. Freud even recognizes that the child at that age would aggressive urge the same-sex parent. These assumptions are hard to prove so the crises of psychosexual development emphasis on sexual are rejected by many psychoanalysts (Diane, 2009, p26-27). To summarize the stage of psychosexual development, Freud mentions several views to the child’s behaviour to sexual energy. However there is less evidence to prove. In conclusion, Sigmund Freud’s three levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms theory bring lots of new and brave assumption in the history. The perspectives and theories he had provided are very important to open our eyes. Freud influence extends not only in psychology area, it extent to sociology, literature, art, religion and politics. However his view of human development tends to much more negative and adventurous. Fred’s psychosexual stage of development is not fulfilled but this is a vanguard of psychology. Fred’s theories provide lots of important information and lead the psychologist base on his theory to do their research on human development. Such as Erikson, he created the eight stage of psychosocial development theory is alike to Fred’s psychosexual stage of evelopment. Although Freud’s theory is hard to practice, his ideas of human being still learned by people but not that much. Freud left an indelible mark on human’s psychological development.

Resurrection And Christ Essays - Iconography Of Jesus, Free Essays

Resurrection And Christ Essays - Iconography Of Jesus, Free Essays Resurrection And Christ Resurrection & Christ. Extended Written Response. For many centuries, artists throughout the world have aimed to capture and portray a particular theme or subject in accordance to their religious beliefs, personal influences, and mood, or based entirely upon societal influences. The figure of Christ and the manner in which he has been depicted has varied immensely over the years, which is highly indicative of changing social attitudes. Piero della Francescas Resurrection of 1463, and Julie Rraps Christ of 1984, have each depicted a Christ like figure in a way that illustrates their personal beliefs and also reflects the publics stance regarding the depiction of Christ at the time each artwork was completed. The two artworks are significantly different in style and representation, as each artist has selected different media and entirely different approaches and interpretations. These significant differences are mainly due to the eras in which each artwork was produced. Francescas fresco is a classic product of the Italian Renaissance period, whereas Rraps piece is indicative of our changing society and its religious values. (Israel, 1997, p.160). Francesca composed his piece during the Early Renaissance period at the beginning of the 15th century, where faith in the theoretical foundations of art was highly placed. During this time, many examples of Ancient art were revered as both a source of inspiration and also as a record of trial and error that had the ability to reveal the success of the former great artists. (Pioch, 1996, p.1). About this time, there was still a set format of how particular Christian figures were perceived to have appeared; hence Francesca has depicted the figure of Christ in the stereo typed perception. Yet he has done so in a manner that fully exemplifies the era he was in, and also indicates his personal interest and success with the use of perspective. Alternatively, Rraps photomontage Christ has been compiled at a time when female stereo types are being challenged. The artwork challenges the male dominance of past art. Typical of postmodern art, this piece is quite the feminist statement, and is i n keeping with many of her previous artworks. (Israel, 1997, p.160). The two artworks are noticeably different immediately upon viewing, as Resurrection is a fresco and Christ is a photomontage. The fresco was compiled with the use of pigment being applied to wet plaster, whereas the photomontage is in essence an installation arrangement that has used a collage technique with the use of photographs. Rrap has used a piece of art by Munch and outlined the figure it depicted, and then positioned herself whilst semi-naked within the outline. It is this placement of herself within the outline that has enabled her to slip out of the stereotype of the female (Israel, 1997, p.160). The image was then divided and abstracted, with the use of thick brush strokes in the background, creating a sense of movement. Resurrection however has been produced in a far more simple manner, with the composition comprising of Jesus standing with one leg raised onto a tomb, whilst four Roman guards are sleeping by the tomb at his feet. Jesus, swathed in red cloth, is holding a flag in an almost triumphant and defiant gesture. The foreground figures have all been placed in perspective, yet the background appears quite out of place in conjunction. Few colours have been used in Christ, yet the chosen colours of yellow and black inter mixed in the background, red on blue for the crucifix, and the exaggerated yellow flesh tone in the photo on the blue have all been used successfully. They each contribute to the overall effect of the image in a positive mode. Conversely, Francescas fresco has encompassed the use of realistic colour throughout the entire image. The colours have been used skillfully and created tone and depth in all aspects of the fresco, contributing to the desired realistic representation of figures. (Hopwood, 1996, p.80B). Each artist has chosen and used their colour in an approach that is indicative and typical of their era, Francesca in particular. Despite the imposing position that Jesus has been placed in within Resurrection, his facial expression along with the overall composition of figures and the landscape creates an almost peaceful and

Marketing and consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing and consumer behavior - Essay Example This is due to the weakness of lack of understanding of the cultural philosophy of company by the buyers. At this point, the urgent need to deeply look at consumer buying and its influence on the organisation in the market is respectfully essential. The purchasing behaviour for business consumer and non-business consumer tends to be distinctively different; characteristics of each group can be summed up into few elements that have a power to draw a comparison between them. These elements include: For the company examined, the characteristic of buying quantity is related to other multi corporation companies. The brand Tomy Hilfiger has wide distribution channels over the world. The company spent more than three billion in 2002 to supply channels. Table 1 shows the differences between business buyer and consumer purchasing behaviour. Using numerous methods such as CPL advertising that ask consumers who are interested in their products to sign in for new newsletters so that the customers emails can be generated in order to reach targeted audience in consumer market. (www.panforix.com). The capability of companies to sustain their consumers to buy more products with the purpose of generating more profits seems not to be characterized by simplicity. Culture, personality and motivation are three of several components of consumer’s influential factors which have a great impact on their purchasing behaviour (Yakup&Jablonsk,2012). Culture is defined as â€Å"sum of a shared purpose among members of societies, customs, norms and traditions â€Å". Thus, buyers’ conduct is affected by this, when decisions are made. Saudi Arabia as an emergent market and most important market for foreign sourced products has become culturally more sensitive. Market segmentation and targeting are main issues raised by this. Saudi female buyers are more willing to buy smart clothes than buying American casual clothing style while Saudi males are more pleasant to buy branded

Exploratory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Exploratory - Essay Example Therefore, the term Cultural Heritage refers to those customs and traditions which a nation has been observing for a period of time. These customs and traditions are valuable to the extent that though modified they are observed for centuries without fail and with pomp and show. Cultural Heritage has a vital role to play in the development of a nation. It is the charm of a particular society. It works as source of inspiration for the whole community. It turns out to be a symbol of pride for the whole nation. It infuses in the whole nation a desire to live, the reason to fight for its cause, the motive to propagate the beauties it has and so on. Cultural Heritage is the reflected beauty of a society and it determines the overall history of a nation’s character (Hoffman 27-31). One of the many Cultural Heritages of mine, Wedding Ceremony occupies the most important position due to the interesting and heart-touching ritual. I termed it ‘most important’ because it had to cast a shadow on the whole of my life. It was the first brick that I based in building my new life. The Ceremony featured a rich composition of Folk-Music, singing songs, dancing traditional dance and the shows of local arts. These festivities date back to the past, hence, speaking of the majesty of our traditions. Wedding was, as is the custom, carried out after a proper procedure in which the groom is chosen for the bride either by the bride herself or her family. The procedure is interesting and appealing to the heart. The groom goes to the bride’s parents’ house and demands for their daughter’s hand. The parents demand ransom in return. Ransom is offered by the groom. In the meanwhile, bride is ritually protected from getting stolen without ransom. In th e course of paying the ransom, the groom offers something costly which may be money or some jewelry for the

Development of a Child up to 2 Years

Development of a Child up to 2 Years 0-8 Months How does your babys eating, sleeping and motor development compare to the typical developmental patterns? At first, she wasnt very hungry and lost a bit of weight, but rebounded pretty quick. Her eating is similar to the patterns of a newborn. Seven was occasionally fussy but we just kept our regular routine and she was fine. She spent most of her time sleeping, similar to other babies at this age. Her sleep pattern is similar to babies at this age, down a couple of hours and then waking up. She goes back to sleep after a little relaxing music or gentle rocking. By 8 months, her motor skills include crawling, sitting up and playing like most other babies at this age. Her gross and fine motor skills are a little behind and the doctor wants more one on one motor skills play. At 8 months of age was your child an easy, slow-to-warm-up, or difficult baby in terms of Thomas and Chesss classic temperamental categories? On what do you base this judgement? She is a slow-to-warm-up child. She is a bit clingy and doesnt really accept new situations. She is content with us but hesitant with others. Seven has typical emotional reactions for her age, such as fear of strangers, separation anxiety and crying when upset. How is your childs attachment to you and your partner developing? What is happening at the 3-month and 8-month periods that might affect attachment security according to Bowlby and Ainsworth, and various research studies? Seven is comfortable with her father but seems to want to be with me primarily (especially when shes upset.) Because we popped up every time Seven seemed slightly uncomfortable, we feel that we are to blame for the sheltered attachment. During the attachment-in-the-making phase, Seven developed a preference for me over others. She does not care for it when I leave her with her grandmother, this is separation anxiety and normal for this age. Describe and give examples of changes in your childs exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so youll need to use the time-line to look back at 8 months for examples. Seven was a very active crawler at 8 months, at home, not so much at the doctors office. I encouraged more crawling by allowing her free roam of our home. Seven is able to find a hidden object,(object permanence) as long as we dont distract her while shes looking for it. If we change up the hiding place she will still want to look in the previous hiding place. This curious error was first discover by Piaget. She wasnt able to walk, but she could almost stand on her own. She was able to imitate new words at 12 months. Seven now clearly understands a couple of dozen words. In fact, Seven pronounced her first clear word and pointed at the object in question. At 18 months, Seven was a little above for her age. She built a block tower to model one made by the examiner. At the 19-month assessment, she was again behind in gross motor skills. That just meant more gym time. Seven was able to concentrate very well during all of the informal testing, and if this continues, she will be more than ready for preschool-type activities, which require children to stay on task or remain in group time for 10-15 minutes. Analyze your babys temperament in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. cooperativeness, and self-control)? Has your babys temperament been stable over the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should seek out further explanations of temperament from your textbook. Explain how the concept of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child. Activity- Sevens activity level was normal. She had an incredible drive to use her motor skills. She often took on problems too difficult for her age. This was consistent with her disposition when she was younger. She was shy during her assessments, but at home was very active, and grew up to be very active and quite talkative. Sociability- Seven was a bit of an introvert. She was talkative at home, but there were few adults that she was comfortable with, and would become upset by new situations. She was very shy in new situations and around new people. Emotionality- Sevens range of emotions seemed to decrease from 9 months to 18. She seemed to be emotionally solid. She played well with others until one of the other children wanted to take her toys. Aggressiveness v. Cooperativeness- Seven was not aggressive at the assessment, unless another child tried to take a toy from her. She was cooperative with the examiner. Self-Control- There are no issues with self-control. Were you surprised by anything in the developmental assessment at 19 months? That is, does your perception of your childs physical, cognitive, language and social development differ from that of the developmental examiner? Give specific examples. If you were not surprised, write instead about some aspects of your childs development that need the most work. We were told at the assessment that while she was advanced in fine motor skills and problem solving abilities she was behind (again) in gross motor skills. Seven scored above average in all aspects of language development, and is ready to be read aloud to more frequently, as she can follow typical story lines. We are going to continue to introduce Seven to new situations and new people and try to work on the shyness just a bit. If she is introverted, so be ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2 years: Have there been any environmental events in your childs first 2  ½ years that you think might have influenced his or her behavior? On what do you base your hypotheses? Nothing out of the ordinary has influenced our child. We have a normal home life and introduce her to situations with us by her side. We have gotten her around to new people and children around her own age. We allow her to have a bit more freedom. We show her that there are limits and consequences. I understand her reactions and allow her to feel comfortable but at times push her to step out of her comfort zone while being supervised. I base this hypotheses on watching her around other children. It is a fine line to walk as a parent having to supervise but not hover. Help without completing the task and allow freedom to find out consequences. How is your child progressing on the typical toddler issues, such as learning household rules, learning to follow routines, listening to you, developing self-control and learning to get along with other children? While playing with a group of children, Seven was timid at first, but she spent a few minutes watching other kids play before she joined in. She was not aggressive, but sometimes would say Mine! when other kids wanted to play with her toy. Seven learned to get along with other children by smiling and giving up the toy. (Not sure if that is going along to get along) Seven is toilet-trained now. We have rules and make her use her words when wanting something. We still have to work with Seven on the gross motor skills (more gym time.) Analyze your own parenting philosophy and practices. What principles from social learning theory, Bowlby, Ainsworth, Piaget, Vygotsky, information processing theory, developmental neuroscience and other theories do you appear to have relied on in making your parenting choices or interpreting your childs behavior? Include three principles/theorists from the above list in your answer. Different situations call for different theories. We used Skinners example of operant conditioning, providing positive reinforcement when she used the toilet. For the fine motor skills, we used Banduras modeling giving on problem solving. We also implemented Ainsworths Attachment Theory. Seven is clingy and feels uncomfortable in some situations that she is placed in. We will continue to work on this.

Digital Fortress Chapter 42

Inside Node 3, Susan caught herself pacing frantically. She wished she'd exposed Hale when she'd had the chance. Hale sat at his terminal. â€Å"Stress is a killer, Sue. Something you want to get off your chest?† Susan forced herself to sit. She had thought Strathmore would be off the phone by now and return to speak to her, but he was nowhere to be seen. Susan tried to keep calm. She gazed at her computer screen. The tracer was still running-for the second time. It was immaterial now. Susan knew whose address it would return: [email protected] Susan gazed up toward Strathmore's workstation and knew she couldn't wait any longer. It was time to interrupt the commander's phone call. She stood and headed for the door. Hale seemed suddenly uneasy, apparently noticing Susan's odd behavior. He strode quickly across the room and beat her to the door. He folded his arms and blocked her exit. â€Å"Tell me what's going on,† he demanded. â€Å"There's something going on here today. What is it?† â€Å"Let me out,† Susan said as evenly as possible, feeling a sudden twinge of danger. â€Å"Come on,† Hale pressed. â€Å"Strathmore practically fired Chartrukian for doing his job. What's going on inside TRANSLTR? We don't have any diagnostics that run eighteen hours. That's bullshit, and you know it. Tell me what's going on.† Susan's eyes narrowed. You know damn well what's going on! â€Å"Back off, Greg,† she demanded. â€Å"I need to use the bathroom.† Hale smirked. He waited a long moment and then stepped aside. â€Å"Sorry Sue. Just flirting.† Susan pushed by him and left Node 3. As she passed the glass wall, she sensed Hale's eyes boring into her from the other side. Reluctantly, she circled toward the bathrooms. She would have to make a detour before visiting the Commander. Greg Hale could suspect nothing.

Gay Marraige

Please, Just imagine this. You're young, it's the start of summer and you're out with your favorite group of friends, soaking up the sunshine and relaxing. You all decide to leave the park, and go for a stroll down to town. You pass by a brightly lit up bar, it's got music pumping through the doormen and it looks alive. Heart racing, you tell everyone you all should go in and check it out. You slowly walk through the door frame and can see happy people everywhere, men and women dancing to their hearts content.Your eyes scan the room and suddenly your eyes are fixed on a person. Their face is lit up with excitement of the moment, and then their eyes are fixed on you, they smile and call you over to dance. You follow them onto the dance floor and the best night of your life unfolds. It's now been 3 years; you're madly in love with that one person you met at the bar. You're living together, loving every minute you spend with each other.You want to take a step forward, take it to the nex t level and spend the rest of your lives together, officially, legally. But you're denied this opportunity by the government; same sex marriage is illegal in Australia. The bill that my party would like to put forward is to legalize same sex marriage. In my opinion, same sex marriage would be a great opportunity for social progress. Two people who love each other should be able to publicly celebrate their commitment.It does not and should not hurt anybody else if it was allowed, and denying them is a violation of freedom. Denying them this opportunity can cause serious psychological damage and can make them feel little and not a part of the community. By allowing same sex marriage, it helps adoption because there are any problems with gay couples choosing to conceive a child, since 2000 the adoption by same sex couples has doubled.Allowing same sex marriage will almost guarantee that the adoption rate will rise even higher. Gay marriage is recognized, supported and legal in twelve d ifferent countries already. Now it's Australia's turn to Jump onto the band wagon. Introduction of same- sex marriage laws has varied by Jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through a legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees f equality, or by direct popular vote.By providing the opportunity of same sex marriage it gives both people in the relationship hospital access during an injury or illness. It will allow them to have family health benefits, taxation and inheritance rights. In all fairness it would benefit us all, as a community in many different ways and should be legalized. It will bring people together, give us all the equal rights we should be entitled to and will end happily in the long run. Help us all close the gap within same sex marriage, bring forward social progress and